Codling moth

common in Europe. Damage symptoms After invading the fruit, the larvae first form a small cavity just under the skin. The entry hole can be seen and is usually

Consumers

beneficials and pollinators, microbial products such as bacteria and fungi form a third pillar for the sustainable production of plants and crops. Even though

Permipar

larval or nymph stage. Permipar larvae develop inside the mealybug’s body and form a pupa. The newly hatched Permipar wasp emerges from the pupa and escapes

Caterpillars

Caterpillars are the larvae of butterflies and moths. Butterflies and moths form the order Lepidoptera, a very large group with more than 150,000 species

Long-tailed mealybug

therefore ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess sugars in the form of honeydew. Characteristically, dark sooty moulds ( Cladosporium spp .)

Vine mealybug

therefore ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess sugars in the form of honeydew. Characteristically, dark sooty moulds ( Cladosporium spp .)

California red scale

mouthparts to start feeding, they produce a white, waxy, and cottony cover, forming the typical appearance of the shield after they first moult. A few days

Tomato leafminer

leaving the epidermis intact. Fruits can be attacked as soon as they are formed but the larvae only feed on green fruits. In case of serious infection,

Leaf miners

leaf miners? Leaf miners belong to the order Diptera (the true flies ) and form the family Agromyzidae. This is a family of small flies whose larvae tunnel

Aphelinus abdominalis

from the mummies of Aphidius species by their less swollen, more elongated form, and their black colour. Adult wasps prefer to walk rather than fly, and