• Caterpillars

  underside of leaves. This causes a window effect where the epidermis of the upper leaf surface remains undamaged. Young caterpillars are often found in groups,

• Obscure mealybug

  fertilize. The female second instar nymphs, on the other hand, settle on the leaf and begin to secrete wax, moulting to a third instar and then the adult female

• Mealybugs and scales

  brown patches to appear on leaves and fruit. This can eventually kill the leaf. Life cycle of mealybugs & scales Mealybug & scale control videos Take a

• Aphidius colemani

  which affects the entire population, often causing aphids to drop from the leaf and fall to the ground. Although many aphids die as a result, many will survive

• Aphidoletes aphidimyza

  out the body fluids, leaving the dead aphid hanging by its snout from the leaf to turn brown or black, and eventually decay. The quantity of aphids consumed

• Amblyseius swirskii

  for food on the underside of leaves. They often congregate in the axils of leaf veins to rest. Their colour can vary according to the prey eaten, and varies

• Larvanem

  Brown chafer (Serica brunnea) ; Anoxia villosa Dung beetles ( Aphodius spp.) Leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae): Flea beetles ( Phyllotreta spp.) Caterpillars (

• Tobacco thrips

  burned or scorched appearance due to extensive feeding and damage to the leaf tissue. This not only compromises the aesthetic quality of the plant but