Citrus mealybug

their possession of 18 pairs of relatively short wax rods round the edge of the body, and two slightly longer ‘tail filaments’ . The tail filaments are [...] an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must therefore ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess sugars in the form of honeydew. Charac [...] growing on this honeydew. Additionally, the white, waxy secretion of the mealybugs, reduces the ornamental value of the affected plants. Fruit and flowers are

Diamond back moth

antennae. The hindwings are narrow, pointed toward the apex. The tips of the wings appear to turn upward slightly when viewed from the side. In males, the upper [...] upper edge. In females, the upper two-thirds of the forewings are light ochreous and the markings are like those of the males. The back is marked with a [...] and active. Except for the first instar, which mines in the leaf tissue, the larvae are voracious surface feeders. The pupae of the diamond back moth (Plutella

Cottony cushion scale

period of 2 to 3 months. After leaving the egg sac, the crawlers settle along the midribs and veins of the leaves. The next two instars migrate to the larger [...] series of uniform ridges running lengthwise over the surface. The ovisac may reach the same length as the body, giving an overall combined length of up to [...] biological control. The cottony cushion scale has subsequently spread widely through most of the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. It is also

Bugs

their body when at rest. The wings overlap each other exposing the scutellum, a prominent triangular region of the thorax between the wing bases. This dis [...] puncture holes. The most obvious damage is the deformation of growing points. They also cause tissue damage and deformed growth as a result of toxic substances [...] usually five nymphal instars and the adult insect. Several species of especially the families Miridae and Pentatomidae are found as pests in agricultural

American serpentine leaf miner

exit hole in the leaf with its mouth parts. After roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning [...] feeding spots. The larvae of Liriomyza trifolii are entirely ochre-yellow. When the larva hatches from the egg, it begins to eat into the leaf at once, [...] down into the mesophyll tissue where damage is caused by extensive mines, leaving the outer layers of the leaf intact. Shortly before pupating, the grown larva

Two-spotted spider mite

to the host plant by feeding on plant sap. They mainly occur on the underside of leaves where they pierce the cells and suck out the contents. The empty [...] yellow, and in many plants the damage can also be seen on the upper surface of leaves as small yellow dots. The destruction of cells results in reduced [...] removed, the leaf, and eventually the whole plant, may die. In tomatoes and cucumbers, as little as 30% damage of the leaf surface can lead to loss of the crop

Vine mealybug

an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must therefore ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess sugars in the form of honeydew. Charac [...] growing on this honeydew. Additionally, the white, waxy secretion of the mealybugs, reduces the ornamental value of the affected plants. Fruit and flowers are [...] oval shape and has no wings. The body is covered with a fine waxy material and have 18 pairs of wax rods round the edge of the body, and two slightly longer

California red scale

t. The females moult into the grey stage, named after the colour of the edges of their shield. Mating occurs at the start of this stage, before the female [...] humans and their tools. In the hours after birth, they disperse over the tree in search of a source of food. When attracted by the light (positive phototaxis) [...] tissue and sucking the contents of the parenchymal cells. If the infestation is more serious, the leaves present some characteristic yellow dots around

Tomato leafminer

cycle and appearance of Tomato leafminer The female moth of the tomato leaf miner ( Tuta absoluta ) lays about 260 eggs. The eggs of the tomato leaf miner [...] occur underneath the crown of the fruit and even inside the fruit itself. On leaves, the larvae only feed on mesophyll tissues, leaving the epidermis intact [...] mine inside the leaf, stem or fruit. In the second to fourth instars they become greenish with a black band behind the head. The prepupae of the tomato leaf

Tobacco aphid

also capable of dispersing through the crop by walking. The tobacco aphid tends to form denser colonies, closer to the top of the plant, than the peach potato [...] on the abdomen and several transverse black bands across the body. The antennae are 0.7-1.0 times the body length, reaching to the siphunculi. The body [...] from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation