Cotton aphid
plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation occurs early enough in the season, the death of young plants. Retarded growth [...] excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black fungal moulds ( Cladosporium spp.) grow on this honeydew, contaminating [...] cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses reproduction takes place by parthenogenesis, with unfertilized