Two-spotted spider mite

turn yellow, and as more cell sap is removed, the leaf, and eventually the whole plant, may die. In tomatoes and cucumbers, as little as 30% damage of the [...] General Two-spotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae ) is a pest of many crops throughout the world. Despite their small size, they are capable of very [...] capacity. There are more than 1200 species worldwide and many of them are major crop pests. The two-spotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae ) is by far

Codling moth

developing embryo is visible as a red ring. The larvae are up to 20 mm long, initially whitish and later pale pinkish white, with a brown head and a pale anal [...] core and eats a large proportion of the flesh, leaving behind brown frass. The entry point is then greatly enlarged as the tissue beneath is eaten away. [...] moth ( Cydia pomonella ) is a notorious, worldwide pest of apple and also occasionally of pear, quince, peach and other fruits. It is very common in Europe

Oleander scale

oleander scales are a greyish, dirty white or yellowy colour, round in shape, with a scale whose apex is off-centred. This scale resembles a miniature fried [...] fruits affects market value. In olives this is seen as green spots on purple fruits. Damage to foliage is particularly important in ornamentals . Heavy [...] months. Each female produces 30-175 offspring during her lifespan. At 30°C, there is a large reduction in fertility and high mortality in crawlers.

Tobacco aphid

matt, never glossy. Winged individuals have a brown-black head and thorax and a reddish abdomen. There is a dark brown spot on the abdomen and several [...] East and is a key pest of tobacco crops in both the United States and South America. The tobacco aphid ( Myzus persicae subsp. nicotianae ) is also encountered [...] from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation

Fusarium wilt

General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse structures, tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place as infection of [...] pathogenic on a limited number of crops. Even within one crop, different formae speciales may occur and cause different symptoms. Fusarium oxysporum is the only

Flies

species of the flies. Direct damage is the immediate result of larvae feeding on root hairs and tender roots as well as stem and leaf tissue and fruits. The [...] has recently developed into a major pest on soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their [...] prefer moist substrates that is rich in organic matter. Although they cause little direct damage to plants, they are often a problem due to their large number

Diglyphus isaea

Diglyphus isaea is a small parasitic wasp belonging to the family Eulophidae within the order Hymenoptera . It is widely recognized for its role as a biological [...] mine to pupate. There are three larval instars: the first is colourless and transparent, the second is yellow and semi transparent with a brown fat body [...] evidence that a parasitic wasp rather than a leaf miner has come from the mine. This is also seen in the pillars that remain visible as black spots in

Cyclamen mite

General The cyclamen mite ( Phytonemus pallidus ) is a harmful strawberry pest as well as a common pest found in cyclamen, gerbera and other ornamentals [...] ) display a greater diversity of feeding habits than any other mite family. There are species that feed on fungi, algae, plants, as well as insect and [...] than usual. In cyclamen, the flowers are damaged and leaf growth is inhibited. In hedera, a mite attack can cause baldness in parts of the stem. Gerbera flowers

Citrus mealybug

filaments. Their sole task is to fertilize the females and as soon as a male emerges from its cocoon, it goes in search of a female. A fertilized female lays [...] little wax, so that the light yellow to pink body is visible through its waxy covering. There is often a darker longitudinal stripe running over the body [...] development. After the second instar, a male nymph forms a dark brown ‘prepupa’ from which a pupa rapidly develops, inside a white cottony cocoon. Females undergo

American serpentine leaf miner

except with ornamental crops, this is usually of less significance. Seedlings and young plants can be completely destroyed as a result of the direct damage caused [...] serpentine leaf miner ( Liriomyza trifolii ) is highly polyphagous and thus lives on many host plants such as chrysanthemum, gerbera, gypsophila, celery [...] pea, bean and potato. In greenhouses, it is mainly found on gerbera and chrysanthemum. Today the insect is widespread across the whole world. Damage symptoms