Damping-off

aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage symptoms Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings [...] General Pythium is considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress [...] temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs at higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium

Cottony soft rot

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between [...] whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by the germinating sclerotia. The fungus grows [...] General Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, also known as cottony soft root, is a plant pathogenic fungus. It has a very wide range of host plants. Damage symptoms

Macadamia nut borer

the head capsule is brown. The pupa is dark brown and (if pupation takes place in the soil) encased in a cocoon of soil particles. There is no cocoon if pupation [...] before shell hardening is caused by the larvae which bore into the fruit. In small nuts the entire kernel is eaten, whereas in large fruit, part of the [...] Thaumatotibia batrachopa ) is native to Africa and was originally described from the Eastern Cape province in South Africa. Macadamia is the major host of this

Green peach aphid

peach tree, is native, however it is now a pest with a world-wide distribution. The green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae subsp. persicae ) is a particularly [...] General The green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae subsp. persicae ) is an important insect pest in sweet pepper, tomato, cucumber and many other greenhouse crops [...] persicae subsp. persicae ) is the most important vector of viral diseases. It can transmit at least 100 different viruses and is thus rightfully feared by

Tobacco thrips

nations. In Europe, Thrips parvispinus was first detected in Greece in 1998 as a pest on ornamental crops, later appearing in Spain in 2017, France in 2018 [...] Thrips parvispinus is a major pest in greenhouse crops due to its ability to multiply rapidly in the warm, humid conditions typically found in these environments [...] hidden. In greenhouses, Thrips parvispinus populations typically start to appear in the spring and peak in the autumn, with minimal presence in the winter

Mediterranean fruit fly

capitata ) is widespread in Africa, the Mediterranean basin and South America. Ceratitis capitata is a highly polyphagous species whose larvae develop in a very [...] fruit to pupate in the soil. C. capitata does not survive sub-zero winter temperatures.It is well named as ‘Mediterranean’, after the area in which it survives [...] symptoms The oviposition hole is often surrounded by a sunken and discoloured area. These punctures are often sufficient in high quality produce to make

Long-tailed mealybug

effect is a reduction of photosynthesis and therefore the yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order [...] The length of the other filaments is roughly half the width of the body. The female is 3 - 4 mm long. Reproduction in Pseudococcus longispinus , may be [...] level of photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit production. In ornamental crops, the mere presence of mealybugs is sufficient to render

Tobacco whitefly

insect was first identified on tobacco in Greece in 1889, hence the name tabaci . It has subsequently been found in most tropical and subtropical countries [...] the population is very large, feeding on plant sap can affect the physiology of the plant, as a result of which growth is retarded. In full sunlight, leaves [...] crops. This is particularly important in ornamentals . The larvae inject enzymes into the plant that alter their normal physiological processes. In some host

Vine mealybug

effect is a reduction of photosynthesis and therefore the yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order [...] present only in the male. After a complete metamorphosis, a winged male emerges from the pupa. The male is smaller (1 mm), dark orange in color with long [...] has no mouthparts. The female is larger (3 mm) and voluminous, has an elongated oval shape and has no wings. The body is covered with a fine waxy material

Codling moth

overwinter and pupate in spring. Larvae still in the apples at harvest can often be found in cracks in apple boxes or other places in the store. [...] Cydia pomonella ) is a notorious, worldwide pest of apple and also occasionally of pear, quince, peach and other fruits. It is very common in Europe. Damage [...] flesh, leaving behind brown frass. The entry point is then greatly enlarged as the tissue beneath is eaten away. Infested fruits usually ripen prematurely