Fusarium wilt

oxysporum is the only Fusarium that actually grows inside the vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species [...] Fusarium oxysporum is the species causing vascular wilt. First the leaves turn yellow and wilt, mostly on one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts [...] dispersed upwards on the outside of the plant. Most Fusarium species only make asexual spores. Some also produce ascospores. The Fusarium oxysporum life

Beetles

ladybirds contribute to the control of aphids . Beetles undergo a complete metamorphosis, that is, the larvae do not resemble the adult at all, and must [...] pupal instar before reaching the adult stage. Larvae have biting mouthparts and mostly feed on the same food as the adults. The pupae do not make a cocoon [...] already display many similarities with the adults. The adult beetles usually possess a pair of membranous wings beneath the wing covers. Many species are very

Sciarid flies

flies General Sciarid flies constitute the family of Sciaridae. The species that cause most damage to crops belong to the genera Bradysia and Lycoriella . [...] flies The life cycle of sciarid flies has the following stages: egg, four larval instars, a pupal instar, and the adult. The adult insects are 1 to 5 mm [...] They occur the whole year round. The eggs are minute (0.1 to 0.25 mm) and yellowish white in colour. They are laid on the ground surface close to plant roots

Leaf miners

lost before the harvest is affected. The size of a leaf tunnel depends on the stage of development of the leaf, the species of host plant and the species of [...] miners belong to the order Diptera (the true flies ) and form the family Agromyzidae. This is a family of small flies whose larvae tunnel into the leaves of [...] enemies, allowing the leaf miner population to erupt into serious numbers. In addition, the pesticides used to control leaf miners disrupt the biological control

Cottony cushion scale

period of 2 to 3 months. After leaving the egg sac, the crawlers settle along the midribs and veins of the leaves. The next two instars migrate to the larger [...] running lengthwise over the surface. The ovisac may reach the same length as the body, giving an overall combined length of up to 20 mm. The 'females' are actually [...] depletion; the shoots dry up and die, and defoliation occurs. In addition, the copious quantities of honeydew produced by the scales coat the leaves, blocking

Diamond back moth

antennae. The hindwings are narrow, pointed toward the apex. The tips of the wings appear to turn upward slightly when viewed from the side. In males, the upper [...] may occur in the florets. Initially, the pupa is pinkish-white to pinkish-yellow and changes to brown before adult emergence. The adult of the diamond back [...] and active. Except for the first instar, which mines in the leaf tissue, the larvae are voracious surface feeders. The pupae of the diamond back moth (Plutella

False codling moth

drops to the ground where it pupates in the top layer of the soil. The moths emerge after a couple of weeks. The life cycle varies between 5 weeks to 3 months [...] and brown as the damage tissue decays. The mature larvae enlarge the hole to leave the fruit and pupate. Excreta can be found within the larvae tunnels [...] singly on the surface of the fruit and resemble a saucer-shaped dome. After a few days the eggs hatch and the neonate larvae finds a suitable place to penetrate

Macadamia nut borer

in their lifetime. The eggs hatch between 7-12 days and the young larvae bore their way into the young fruit. The larvae are cream to grey in colour with [...] with dark spots on the body and the head capsule is brown. The pupa is dark brown and (if pupation takes place in the soil) encased in a cocoon of soil particles [...] hardening is caused by the larvae which bore into the fruit. In small nuts the entire kernel is eaten, whereas in large fruit, part of the kernel may remain

Tobacco aphid

on the abdomen and several transverse black bands across the body. The antennae are 0.7-1.0 times the body length, reaching to the siphunculi. The body [...] of dispersing through the crop by walking. The tobacco aphid tends to form denser colonies, closer to the top of the plant, than the peach potato aphid. [...] from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation

Litchi moth

feeds on the fruit skin and then tunnels towards the seed. Larvae usually do not pupate in fruit on the tree but leave the fruit to pupate in the soil. Damage [...] nuts to a limited extent. Appearance and life cycle of Litchi moth The moth lays her eggs singly on the fruit, rarely on the leaves. On hatching the larvae [...] Damage and symptoms The newly hatched larva penetrates the litchi fruit and feeds its way through the fruit flesh and into the seed. Such feeding causes