Mealybugs and scales

wingless and immobile, and covered with a hard scale (armoured scales and soft scales) or with waxy threads (mealybugs). They suck the sap of plants and are [...] mealybugs and soft scales also produce honeydew (on which moulds grow) resulting in considerable damage in ornamental and fruit crops and loss of value [...] the crop in various ways: nymphs and females extract the sap from the plant, stunting growth and causing deformation and/or yellowing of leaves, sometimes

Mediterranean fruit fly

thorax is black suffused with greyish yellow and the abdomen mainly yellowish orange with 2 silvery crossbands. The wings are clear with black veins and marked [...] marked with black spots and brownish yellow patches. The eggs are about 1 mm long and narrowly fusiform. Larvae are up to 8 mm long, translucent white, becoming [...] dirty cream-white on completion of feeding. They have prominent black mouth hooks. The puparium is 4-5 mm long, yellowish brown to reddish brown and barrel-shaped

Green peach aphid

making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black fungal moulds ( Cladosporium spp.) grow on this honeydew, contaminating fruit and ornamental crops and rendering [...] have a brown-black head and thorax and a yellow-green to green or even reddish abdomen. They have a dark brown spot on the abdomen and several transverse [...] least 100 different viruses and is thus rightfully feared by many growers. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth

Cottony cushion scale

red-brown body colour and covering of granular, white wax. The legs, antennae and body hairs are conspicuously black. The nymphs and adult females produce [...] spp ., Casuarina spp . and Pittosporum spp ., but it can damage many types of fruit and forest trees, and ornamental shrubs and trees. Damage is mostly [...] stages. Immature cottony cushion scales have black limbs and an orange-brown body that is coated with white and yellow wax. The adult ‘females’ are easily

Cotton bollworm

stop growing, mature rapidly, and drop off. In legumes, flowers are attacked, and seed pods may be pierced. Life cycle and appearance of Cotton bollworm [...] mm in length and have a wingspan of about 40 mm. The grey-green males are smaller. The forewings are edged with a line of black spots, and the hindwings [...] almost spherical with a flattened base and a diameter of about 0.5 mm. They are at first a shiny yellowish white, with their colour changing to brown just

Cotton aphid

making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black fungal moulds ( Cladosporium spp.) grow on this honeydew, contaminating fruit and ornamental crops and rendering [...] production. Life cycle and appearance of Cotton aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in [...] coffee, cocoa, eggplant, cucumber, melon, pepper and many ornamental plants such as chrysanthemum and kalanchoe. The cotton aphid ( Aphis gossypii ) is

Sciarid flies

plant material and on algae and fungi present in the soil. They, however, can also feed on root hairs, rootlets, and tender root, stem and leaf tissue. Later [...] habitats and are attracted to a broad range of pathogenic and non-pathogenic micro-organisms for oviposition. Indirect damage is caused by the larvae and adults [...] pupal instar, and the adult. The adult insects are 1 to 5 mm long, grey-black flies with long antennae. They have relatively long legs, and the wings show

Tobacco aphid

individuals have a brown-black head and thorax and a reddish abdomen. There is a dark brown spot on the abdomen and several transverse black bands across the body [...] aubergine, chrysanthemum, and various pot plants and cut flower crops. Damage symptoms Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance [...] making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black fungal moulds ( Cladosporium spp.) grow on this honeydew, contaminating fruit and ornamental crops and rendering

Western flower thrips

vegetable and ornamental crops in greenhouses, and on various weeds. It is an especially significant pest in cucumber, sweet pepper, eggplants, and many ornamental [...] surface tissues and sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting silver-grey patches on leaves and the black dots of their [...] prepupa, pupa, and finally the adult insect. The eggs of the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft

Tomato leafminer

. Their colour varies from creamy white to bright yellow, darkening in the embryonic phase and becoming almost black near eclosion. The first-instar larvae [...] dark segments and recurved labial palps, that are well developed. Black spots are present on the anterior wings. Adults are nocturnal and usually hide between [...] including potato, eggplant, capsicum pepper and tobacco as well as weeds such as Datura stramonium, Lycium chilense , and Solanum nigrum. Damage symptoms The most