the neonate larvae finds a suitable place to penetrate the fruit. All five instars of larval development take place inside the fruit. Once the final…
brown and (if pupation takes place in the soil) encased in a cocoon of soil particles. There is no cocoon if pupation takes place in the fruit. The…
cocoons under loose bark, cracks in trunks or supporting stalks, or other places. Depending on the climate, there are one, two or more generations per…
than the females. They are not fast fliers, and prefer damp areas in dark places, with a lot of organic material. They occur the whole year round. The…
adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses reproduction takes place by parthenogenesis, with unfertilized viviparous females continuing to…
orchids, grapes, avocado, apple, citrus). The species often inhabits concealed places such as auxiliary buds and prefers a warm, humid environment.…
although pupae can also be found on leaves, in flowers or in other sheltered places. The prepupal and pupal instars can be recognized by their…
aphids lay eggs that overwinter. In greenhouses reproduction also takes place by parthenogenesis, with unfertilized viviparous females continuing to…
can temporarily be found outside the leaf mines or fruit. Pupation takes place in the soil or on the surface of a leaf, in a curled leaf or in a mine.…
as ‘crawlers’. They are highly active in their search for a new feeding place and are capable of moving a reasonable distance over the plant. The male
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